In 1803 black revolutionaries in Saint Domingue dashed Napoleon Bonaparte's dream of a colonial empire in the Americas. Napoleon, with his army decimated by rebel attacks and yellow fever, negotiated the sale of Louisiana to the United States for fifteen million dollars. With the Louisiana Purchase, the anglophone United States embarked upon a process of Americanization that would have far-reaching consequences for French-speaking Louisianians and Haitian émigrés alike.
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