Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division

Saint-Domingue ou Histoire de ses révolutions (Paris: Chez Tiger, n.d.)

In 1802 Napoleon Bonaparte sent tens of thousands of French soldiers and European mercenaries to fight the black revolutionaries. They captured Toussaint L'Ouverture and deported him to France. The war, during which General Donatien Rochambeau ordered wholesale massacres of the black population, ended in November 1803 and was followed by the exodus of most whites, who returned to France or settled in the United States.